70% of women menstruate in the 28- day cycle, but some women take slightly longer or slightly less period. The late or early menstruation is due to some defects in the womb, hormonal disturbances, uterine irritation, congestion, inflammation and abnormal contraction (especially menopause). Sometimes, irregularities of menstruation may take place due to endometritis, endocervicitis, cancerous growth in the uterus, or formation of tumour in the muscular wall of the womb, anger, cold wet exposure and repeated mechanical abortion. Due to anemia, anger and cold wet exposure of the body there may be amenorrhoea or dysmenorrhoea; due to endometritis, metritis, infection of the womb or cancerous growth there may be dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia or metrorrhagia and infection may cause irregular, scanty, tardy, delayed, watery, profuse, protracted flow of menses. 

Menstruation is often delayed beyond the period at which we have reason to expect it in healthy females, or when it does appear, it is frequently preceded by much suffering, and followed by hysterics and other complaints. Complaints attendant on the cessation of the menses are still more serious. These complaints are generally produced by diseases which existed previously, and can only be cured by the continued attendance of a homoeopathic physician. Affections of this class frequently find their origin and support in the mode of living; we can often trace them to insufficiency of clothing, which, especially in a variable climate like ours, is very injurious; many of the attendant complaints arise from other causes, which medicine alone can remove. 

The age at which this function first makes its appearance, in temperate climates, is about the fifteenth year; though in some instances it occurs at a much earlier age, and in others again it is protracted several years later. In warm climates it generally appears as early as the ninth or tenth year, and in cold ones not often earlier than the twentieth. 

The average duration of a menstrual period is about five days; it varies considerably, however, in different individuals, in some continuing for seven or eight days, and in others not more than two or three. It generally returns regularly in healthy females, every twenty-eight days, and usually continues until about the forty-fifth year, when its final cessation takes place, which is usually attended with a good deal of disturbance of the general health, as well as of irregularity of this function; hence this period of life has been called the "critical age," or "change of life."
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Premature menstruation

The best remedies are in general. With the following particular indications. 

Ambra grisea 
Painful varices at the legs; thick leucorrhoea, with stitches in the vagina and discharges of pieces of bluish and whitish mucus; burning in the parts; excoriation-pains, violent itching and swelling of the labia. 

Belladonna 
Premature and profuse menses with bright-red, foul-smelling, and coagulated blood; colic, as if every thing would fall through the vagina; throbbing headache; red and puffed face; blur before the eyes; sweat on the chest, at night, with thirst. 

Calcarea carbonica 
Premature and profuse menses, with cutting in the bowels, toothache, leucorrhoea, swelling of the veins; before the menses, headache, colic, shuddering, leucorrhoea and swelling of the breasts with sensitiveness. 

Carbo vegetabilis 
Premature and profuse menses, preceded by eruptions and itching of the skin, headache or colic; cutting colic when the flow stops, with backache, lameness in the limbs, toothache, vomiting, headache. 

Chamomilla 
Profuse menses, with drawing cramp-colic from the sides to the abdomen; dark coagula; thirst; cold limbs, fainting. 

Ignatia amara 
Menses every fortnight, with compressive cramp-pain, hardness and distention of the abdomen; hysteric symptoms; nausea with fainting; shuddering all over, with pale face; sight feeble and blurred; intolerance of light and noise. 

Ipecacuanha 
The menses set in too soon without any known cause, they are too copious, the blood is bright-red and coagulates readily; weakness, restlessness and aversion to food. 

Natrium muriaticum 
Menses too copious and too long, preceded by irritability, melancholy and restlessness, with headache; during the menses; headache, desire to remain in bed, toothache, cramp-colic and nightly fever. 

Nux vomica 
Profuse menses, with abdominal cramps; menses every fortnight; during the menses; vomiting, headache above the eyes, dry heat and weakness. 

Phosphorus 
Profuse menses, with pains in the sides, colic, swelling of the gums and cheek; during the menses; cutting in the bowels, backache, spitting of blood, palpitation of the heart and fermentation in the bowels. 

Rhus toxicodendron 
Profuse discharge of blood, with coagula; labor-pains; excoriation pains in the vagina. 

Sabina 
Profuse menses, with discharge of coagula; colic, labor-pains, scanty and red urine, mucous discharge from the vagina. 

Dose 
Of these different medicines give four to six globules dry on the tongue, or one or two drops of attenuated tincture in a teaspoonful of water or on a little sugar, a few days after the menses ceases to flow, and repeat the dose every week until the next menstrual period is about to set in. 

Morbid changes in the menstrual blood
The normal menstrual blood is red, liquid, a little sticky, almost resembling arterial blood; according to some authors, it should not coagulate, whereas others look upon the presence of coagula in the menstrual fluid as something quite natural. As a general rule the menstrual blood, as regards color, quantity, intensity of the flow, differs a good deal from one period to the other. It is successively very red, less red, pale like water, black, thick, viscous or fluid. Sometimes those changes can be traced to distinct causes, such as a keen disappointment, after which the flow becomes either more scanty or more copious, or the color of the blood changes; in spasmodic affections the blood is paler; in scrofulous persons it is scanty, paler, less consistent, or else thick and black. Among chlorotic individuals it is almost always watery, pale, causing scarcely a yellow stain. In syphilitic affections it is likewise very often discoloured and pale. In eruptive, scorbutic, typhoid affections, the blood is sometimes blackish and fetid. If the blood is retained in the uterus for some time, it becomes black, thin, inodorous. In cancerous or herpetic affections, the menstrual blood has been known to possess deleterious characters, and to communicate by intercourse non-syphilitic discharges from the urethra. But in most cases it is impossible to account for the changes which take place in the menstrual blood. Hence these changes seem of very little avail in establishing a general diagnosis; but they help to point out the remedy which is most adapted to some peculiar menstrual irregularity.

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Dr. Binoy Vallabhassery BHMS
Vallabhassery Homoeopathy
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